Polyp (medicine) - Wikipedia. For polyps on the skin (skin tags), see Acrochordon. For the small aquatic animal, see Polyp. A polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be pedunculated. If no stalk is present, it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, ear, sinus(es), urinary bladder, and uterus. They may also occur elsewhere in the body where mucous membranes exist like the cervix. Some polyps are tumors (neoplasms) and others are nonneoplastic (for example, hyperplastic or dysplastic). The neoplastic ones are generally benign, although some can be premalignant and/or concurrent with a malignancy. Digestive polyps. Occasionally rectal bleeding, and on rare occasions pain, diarrhea or constipation may occur because of colon polyps. Learn about Crohn’s and UC, the two most common inflammatory bowel diseases. Find out about symptoms, treatment options, and ongoing management. Helicobacter pylori is the leading cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and. Health resources and personalized health tools. Information and news on depression, digestive health, diabetes, breast cancer, cardiovascular health, and much more. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now doctors know that these factors may aggravate but don't. Colon polyps are a concern because of the potential for colon cancer being present microscopically and the risk of benign colon polyps transforming over time into malignant ones. Since most polyps are asymptomatic, they are usually discovered at the time of colon cancer screening. Common screening methods are occult blood test, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy (usually flexible sigmoidoscopy, using a flexible endoscope, but more rarely the older rigid sigmoidoscopy, using a rigid endoscope), lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema), digital rectal examination (DRE), and virtual colonoscopy. Deyhle, Germany, 1. If an adenomatous polyp is found with sigmoidoscopy or if a polyp is found with any other diagnostic modality, the patient must undergo colonoscopy for removal of the polyp(s). Even though colon cancer is usually not found in polyps smaller than 2. When adenomatous polyps are removed, a repeat colonoscopy is usually performed in three to five years.
Most colon polyps can be categorized as sporadic. Inherited polyposis syndromes. The adenomatous polyp is considered pre- malignant, i. They are unlikely to develop into colorectal cancer. About 5% of people aged 6. Most polyps (approximately 9. The remaining 1. 0% of adenomas are larger than 1 cm and approach a 1. They tend to be non- pedunculated, velvety, or cauliflower- like in appearance and they are associated with the highest morbidity and mortality rates of all polyps. They can cause hypersecretory syndromes characterized by hypokalemia and profuse mucous discharge and can harbor carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma more frequently than other adenomas. The risks of progression to colorectal cancer increases if the polyp is larger than 1 cm and contains a higher percentage of villous component. Also, the shape of the polyps is related to the risk of progression into carcinoma. Polyps that are pedunculated (with a stalk) are usually less dangerous than sessile polyps (flat polyps). Sessile polyps have a shorter pathway for migration of invasive cells from the tumor into submucosal and more distant structures, and they are also more difficult to remove and to ascertain. Sessile polyps larger than 2 cm usually contain villous features, have a higher malignant potential, and tend to recur following colonoscopic polypectomy. Larger tubular adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of malignancy when larger because then they develop more villous components and may become sessile. It is estimated that an individual whose parents have been diagnosed with an adenomatous polyp has a 5. Overall, nearly 6% of the population, regardless of the family history, is at risk of developing colon cancer. Screening. Medical societies have established guidelines for colorectal screening in order to prevent adenomatous polyps and to minimize the chances of developing colon cancer. It is believed that some changes in the diet might be helpful in preventing polyps from occurring but there is no other way to prevent the polyps from developing into cancerous growths than by detecting and removing them. According to the guidelines established by the American Cancer Society, individuals who reach the age of 5. Colon polyps as they grow can sometimes cause bleeding within the intestine, which can be detected with the help of this test. Also, persons in their 5. IBD comes in the form of: Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis; indeterminate colitis; Unlike IBD, IBS isn’t classified as a true disease. Instead it’s known as. While both Crohn’s and Colitis present their own challenges and complications, it is still possible to live a full, rewarding, happy, and productive life. The Link Between Stress and Ulcerative Colitis. Research shows this GI ailment feeds on your tension. Practice Management. From articles to educational programs, ACG provides you tools and techniques you can use in your practice that will help improve efficiency and. If adenomatous polyps are detected during this procedure, it is most likely that the patient will have to undergo a colonoscopy. Medical societies recommend colonoscopies every ten years starting at age 5. Once an adenomatous polyp is identified during colonoscopy, there are several methods of removal including using a snare or a heating device. While there are risks of complications associated with colonoscopies, those risks are extremely low at approximately 0. For comparison, the lifetime risk of developing colon cancer is around 6 percent. Commonly occurring, they are experienced by up to 1. They are overgrowths of the mucosa that frequently accompany allergicrhinitis. They are freely movable and nontender. Laryngeal polyps. They can occur on one or both vocal folds, and appear as swelling, a bump (similar to a nodule), a stalk- like growth, or a blister- like lesion. Most polyps are larger than nodules, which are more similar to callouses on the vocal folds. Polyps and nodules can exhibit similar symptoms including hoarseness or breathiness, “rough” or “scratchy” voice, harshness in vocal quality, shooting pain from ear to ear, sensation of having “a lump in the back of the throat”, neck pain, decreased pitch range in the voice, and vocal and bodily fatigue. If an individual experiences symptoms for more than 2 to 3 weeks, they should see a physician. For a diagnosis, a thorough evaluation of the voice should include a physical examination, preferably by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat doctor) who specializes in voice, a voice evaluation with a speech- language pathologist (SLP), a neurological examination (in certain cases) The qualities of the voice that will be evaluated include quality, pitch, loudness, and ability to sustain voicing. In some cases, an instrumental examination may be performed with an endoscope into the mouth or nose; this gives a clear look at the vocal folds and larynx in general. In addition to this, a stroboscope (flashing light) may be used to observe the movement of the vocal folds during speech. Polyps may be treated with medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention. Surgical intervention involves removing the polyp from the vocal fold. This approach is only used when the growth(s) are very large, or have existed for an extended amount of time. In children, surgical intervention is rare. Existing medical problems may be treated in an effort to reduce the strain and negative impact on the vocal cords. This could include treatment for gastrointestinal reflux disease, allergies, and thyroid problems. Intervention to stop smoking and reduce stress may also be needed. Most people receive behavioral intervention, or vocal therapy, from an SLP. This might involve teaching good vocal hygiene, and reducing or stopping vocal abuse behaviors. Direct voice treatments may be used to alter pitch, loudness, or breathe support to promote good voicing.^Weschler, Toni (2. Taking Charge of Your Fertility (Revised ed.). New York: Harper. Collins. ISBN 0- 0. Endoscopy (Suppl): 3. PMID 7. 40. 87. 89. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Gastroenterology. PMID 1. 25. 57. 15. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 0. Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1- 9. 00. 15. Mayo. Clinic. com. Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 1. Mills; Darryl Carter (2. Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0- 7. 81. 7- 4. Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Retrieved 2. 00. 7- 1. Suurmeijer (1. 99. The Pap Smear. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 3- 7. 18. 6- 5. Practical Gynaecological Ultrasound. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 9.
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